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| Source: 2nd Green Revolution |
Absolute location: The location of a point on the
Earth's surface that can be expressed by a grid reference such as latitude and
longitude.
Accessibility: The ease with which one place can
be reached from another. It can be measured in terms of distance, time, or
cost. Access to certain places may be made less easy by non-physical barriers
such as social class or ethnicity.
Acid rain: Rain that contains a high
concentration of pollutants, notably sulphur and nitrogen oxides. These
pollutants are produced from factories, power stations burning fossil fuels,
and car exhausts. Once in the atmosphere, the sulphur and nitrogen oxides
combine with moisture to give sulphuric and nitric acids which fall as
corrosive rain.
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| Source: Ace Geography |
Aerial photograph: A photograph taken from above the
ground. There are two types of aerial photograph – a vertical photograph (or
‘bird’s eye view’) and an oblique photograph where the camera is held at an
angle. Aerial photographs are often taken from aircraft and provide useful
information for map-making and surveys.
Afforestation: The conversion of open land to
forest; the planting of coniferous trees in upland areas for commercial gain.
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| Source: Pinterest |
Agriculture: Human management of the
environment to produce food. The numerous forms of agriculture fall into three
groups: commercial agriculture, subsistence agriculture and peasant
agriculture.
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| Source: Food Tank |
Alp: A gentle slope above the steep
sides of a glaciated valley, often used for summer grazing.
Altitude: Height of an object in the
atmosphere above sea level.
Antarctic Circle: Imaginary line that encircles the
South Pole at latitude 66o 32'S.
Aquifer: An underground reservoir of water
which can be extracted for surface use.
Atlas: A collection of maps.
Atmosphere: The air which surrounds the
Earth, and consists of three layers: the troposphere (6 to 10km from the
Earth’s surface), the stratosphere (50km from the Earth’s surface), and the
mesosphere and ionosphere, an ionised region of rarefied gases (1000km from the
Earth’s surface). The atmosphere comprises oxygen (21%), nitrogen (78%), carbon
dioxide, argon, helium, and other gases in minute quantities.
Bay: An indentation in the coastline
with a headland on either side. Its formation is due to the more rapid erosion
of softer rocks.
Beach:
A strip of land
sloping gently towards the sea, usually recognized as the area lying between
high and low tide marks.
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| Source:10 Best |
Bedrock: The solid rock which usually lies
beneath the soil.
Biodiversity: The existence of a wide variety
of plant and animal species in their natural environment.
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| Source: The Blue Dot Post |
Biogas: The production of methane and
carbon dioxide, which can be obtained from plant or crop waste. Biogas is an
example of a renewable source of energy.
Biomass: The total number of living
organisms, both plant and animal, in a given area.
Biome: A complex community of plants and
animals in a specific physical and climatic region.
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| Source: Wikipedia |
Biosphere: The part of the Earth which
contains living organisms. The biosphere contains a variety of habitats, from
the highest mountains to the deepest oceans.
Birth Rate: The number of live births per
1000 people per year.
Boundary: A line indicating the limit of a
country, state, or other political jurisdiction.
Bushfire: An uncontrolled fire in forests
and grasslands.
Canal: An artificial waterway, usually
connecting existing rivers, lakes or oceans, constructed for navigation and
transportation.
Canyon: A deep and steep-sided river
valley occurring where rapid vertical corrasion takes place in arid regions. In
such an environment the rate of weathering of the valley sides is slow. If the
rocks of the region are relatively soft then the canyon profile becomes even
more pronounced.
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| Source: Found the World |
Capital: There are two types of capital.
Physical capital (all useful assets e.g. money and machinery) and human capital
(people’s knowledge, skills and energies), used to produce goods and services.
The amount of money belonging to a country, factory or a person.
Cartographer: A person who draws or makes maps
or charts.
Cartography: The technique of drawing maps or
charts.
CBD (Central Business District): This is the central zone of a
town or city, and is characterized by high accessibility, high land values and
limited space. The visible result of these factors is a concentration of
high-rise buildings at the city centre. The CBD is dominated by retail and
business functions, both of which require maximum accessibility.
Census: a counting of people by the
government every ten years to gather important data.
Central Place: any settlement that provides
goods and services for smaller neighbouring settlements.
CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons): Chemicals used in the manufacture
of some aerosols, the cooling systems of refrigerators and fast-food cartons.
These chemicals are harmful to the ozone layer.
City: cities are urban places. They are
usually large (more than 20,000 people) and are economically self- sufficient
(unlike a large dormitory or suburban town). A large urban settlement with a dense population that
is usually a centre of government and administration, culture, social
networking and economic enterprise.
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| Source: PC Wallpaper |
Climate: The average atmospheric
conditions prevailing in a region, as distinct from its weather. A statement of
climate is concerned with long-term trends. Thus the climate of, for example,
the Amazon Basin is described as hot and wet all the year round; that of the
Mediterranean Region as having hot dry summers and mild wet winters.
Cloud: A mass of small water drops or
ice crystals formed by the condensation of water vapour in the atmosphere,
usually at a considerable height above the Earth’s surface. There are three
main types of cloud: cumulus, stratus and cirrus, each of which has many
variations.
Condensation: The process by which cooling
vapour turns into a liquid.
Congestion: overcrowding on roads causing
traffic jams.
Conservation: The preservation and management
of the natural environment. In its strictest form, conservation may mean total
protection of endangered species and habitats, as in nature reserves. In some
cases, conservation of the manmade environment, e.g. ancient buildings, is
undertaken.
Continent: One of the large, continuous
areas of the Earth into which the land surface is divided. The world’s
continents are generally defined as Asia, Africa, North America, South America,
Europe, Oceania and Antarctica.
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| Source: Enchanted Learning |
Contour: A line drawn on a map to join all
places at the same height above sea level.
Coordinates: A set of numbers that defines the
location of a point with reference to a system of axes.
Co-variation: The study of two or more
geographic distributions which vary over the same area, such as unemployment
and crime.
Crust: The outermost layer of the Earth,
representing only 0.1% of the Earth’s total volume. It comprises continental
crust and oceanic crust, which differ from each other in age as well as in
physical and chemical characteristics. The crust, together with the uppermost
layer of the mantle, is also known as the lithosphere.
Dam: A barrier built across a stream,
river or estuary to create a body of water.
Data: A series of observations,
measurements or facts which can be operated on by a computer programme.
Database: A large store of information. A
GIS database includes data about spatial locations and shapes of geographical
features.
Death rate: the number of deaths per 1000
people per year.
Deforestation: The practice of clearing trees.
Much deforestation is a result of development pressures, e.g. trees are cut
down to provide land for agriculture and industry.
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| Source: Image Airy |
Delta: A fan-shaped mass consisting of
the deposited load of a river where it enters the sea. A delta only forms where
the river deposits material at a faster rate than can be removed by coastal
currents.
Demography: The study of population
statistics and trends, such as births, deaths, and disease.
Desert: An area where all forms of
precipitation are so low that very little, if anything, can grow.
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| Source: Wikipedia |
Developing countries: A collective term for those
nations in Africa, Asia and Latin America which are undergoing the complex
processes of modernization, industrialization and urbanization.
Diffusion: The spatio-temporal process
concerned with the movement of objects from one area to another through time.
Distance: The extent of space between two
objects or places; it can be measured absolutely, in terms of kilometres, or in
terms of other units, such as time or cost to cross.
Drainage: The removal of water from the
land surface by processes such as streamflow and infiltration.
Drought: A prolonged period where rainfall
falls below the requirement for a region.
Earthquake: A movement or tremor of the
Earth’s crust. Earthquakes are associated with plate boundaries (see plate
tectonics) and especially with subduction zones, where one plate plunges
beneath another. Here the crust is subjected to tremendous stress. The rocks
are forced to bend, and eventually the stress is so great that the rocks ‘snap’
along a fault line.
Ecology: The study of living things, their
interrelationships and their relationships with the environment.
Ecosystem: A natural system comprising
living organisms and their environment. The concept can be applied at the
global scale or in the context of a smaller defined environment. The principle
of the ecosystem is constant: all elements are intricately linked by flows of
energy and nutrients.
Education: The process of receiving or
giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university. The theory
and practice of teaching.
El Niño: The occasional development of
warm ocean surface waters along the coast of Ecuador and Peru. Where this
warming occurs the tropical Pacific trade winds weaken and the usual up-welling
of cold, deep ocean water is reduced. El Niño normally occurs late in the
calendar year and lasts for a few weeks to a few months and can have a dramatic
impact on weather patterns throughout the world.
Elevation: The height of a point on the Earth's
surface above sea level.
Environment: Physical surroundings: soil,
vegetation, wildlife and the atmosphere. All
external conditions and factors, living and non-living (chemicals and energy),
that affect any living organism or other specified systems. Physical,
biological, social, cultural conditions affecting people’s lives and the growth
of plants and animals.
Epicentre: The point on the earth's surface
directly above the hypocentre, where the energy of an earthquake is first
released.
Equator: The great circle of the Earth
with a latitude of 0º, lying equidistant from the poles.
Erosion: The wearing away of the Earth’s
surface by running water (rivers and streams), moving ice (glaciers), the sea
and the wind. These are called the agents of erosion.
Estuary: The broad mouth of a river where
it enters the sea. An estuary forms where opposite conditions to those favourable
for delta formation exist: deep water off shore, strong marine currents and a
smaller sediment load.
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| Source: Geo Wiki |
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| Source: BBC |
Fauna: Animal life.
Flash flood: A sudden increase in river
discharge and overland flow due to a violent rainstorm in the upper river
basin.
Flora: Plant life.
Geographers: Study the environment in four
major ways: 1) the natural environment using scientific methods and techniques;
2) the impact of human behaviour on the environment; 3) environmental
influences on human behaviour; and 4) the different cultural perceptions of the
environment and how these perceptions are expressed in the surrounding
landscape.
Geography: Literally, writing about the
earth, Greek. The study of the earth's physical and human features. Geography
refers to the Greek words geo and graphein, meaning earth writing. Geography is
about studying and understanding the deliberate and unintentional changes
caused by humans transforming the earth’s surface. It comprises the dynamic
interaction and real-world relationship and movement between natural (the earth
and its living organisms) and non-natural phenomena (societies, human
activities, cultural features), and space relative to a spatial dimension.
Geology: Science of the earth's crust,
strata, origin of rocks, etc.
GIS: The use of computer systems to
organise, store, analyse, and map information. It merges information in a
computer database with spatial coordinates on a digital map.
Glacier: A body of ice occupying a valley
and originating in a corrie or icefield.
Global warming or greenhouse effect: The warming of the Earth’s
atmosphere caused by an excess of carbon dioxide, which acts like a blanket,
preventing the natural escape of heat.
Globalization: The process that enables
financial markets and companies to operate internationally (as a result of
deregulation and improved communications). Transnational corporations now
locate their manufacturing in places that best serve their global market at the
lowest cost. The
organisation of any activity treating the entire globe as one place. It is a
complex of related economic, cultural, and political processes that have served
to increase the interconnectedness of social life in the contemporary world.
Globe: A true-to-scale map of the Earth
that duplicates its round shape and correctly represents areas, relative size
and shape of physical features, distances, and directions.
Gorge: a steep-sided, narrow rocky
valley marking the retreat of a waterfall.
GPS (global positioning system): A system of earth-orbiting
satellites, transmitting signals continuously towards earth, which enable the
position of a receiving device on the earth’s surface to be accurately
estimated from the difference in arrival of the signals.
Green Belt: An area around a city, composed
mostly of parkland and farmland, in which development is strictly controlled.
Its purpose is to prevent the outward growth of the city, preserve countryside
for farming, wildlife and recreation, and, often to prevent two or more cities
from merging to form one huge urban area.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of all goods and
services produced domestically by a nation during a year.
Habitat: A preferred location for
particular species of plants and animals to live and reproduce.
HDI (human development index): A measurement of a country’s
achievements in three areas: longevity, Knowledge, and standard of living.
Hemisphere: Any half of a globe or sphere.
The earth has traditionally been divided into hemispheres by the equator
(northern and southern hemispheres) and by the prime meridian and International
Date Line (eastern and western hemispheres).
Hierarchy: a ranking of settlements or
shopping centres according to their population size or the number of services
they provide. A
ranking of settlements or shopping centres according to their population size
or the number of services they provide.
Human Geography: The study of people and their
activities in terms of patterns and processes of population, settlement,
economic activity, and communications.
Humidity: The amount of water vapour in the
air.
Hurricane, cyclone or typhoon: A wind of force 12 on the
Beaufort wind scale, i.e. one having a velocity of more than 118 km per hour.
Hurricanes can cause great damage by wind as well as from the storm waves and
floods that accompany them.
Hydroelectric power: The generation of electricity by
turbines driven by flowing water.
Hydrosphere: All the water on Earth, including
that present in the atmosphere as well as in oceans, seas, ice sheets, etc.
Immigration: The movement of people into a
country or region from other countries or regions.
Infrastructure: The basic structure of an
organization or system. The infrastructure of a city includes, for example, its
roads and railways, schools, factories, power and water supplies.
International Date Line: An imaginary line which approximately
follows 180° longitude. The area of the world just east of the line is one day
ahead of the area just west of the line.
Island: A mass of land, smaller than a
continent, which is completely surrounded by water.
La Niña: A periodic cooling of the ocean
waters in the Pacific Ocean which affects global weather patterns.
Latitude: Imaginary lines that cross the
surface of the Earth parallel to the Equator, measuring how far north or south
of the Equator a place is located.
Life Expectancy: the average number of years a
person born in a particular country might be expected to live.
Literacy Rate: the proportion of the total
population able to read and write.
Location: The position of population,
settlement and economic activity in an area or areas. Location is a basic theme
in human geography.
Longitude: Imaginary lines that cross the
surface of the Earth, running from north to south, measuring how far east or
west of the prime meridian a place is located.
Map: Diagrammatic representation of an
area – for example part of the earth’s surface. A map is a graphic representation of a place. There
are many different types of maps that have different
uses. Different
maps differ in the relative accuracy of the depiction of the area, the shapes
of objects, actual distances, and compass direction. Maps that accurately
reflect area are often called equal-area maps (an example is the Albers
equal-area conic map). Maps that maintain the shape of objects are called
conformal. Maps that correctly show the distance between areas are often called
equi-distant maps (note that the shortest distance between two points on a map
is generally not a straight line. but a curve). Navigational maps need accurate
compass directions maintained on the map (like the Mercator map).
Meander: A large bend, especially in the
middle or lower stages of a river’s course.
Mobility: The ability to move between
different activity sites.
Monsoon: The term strictly means ‘seasonal
wind’ and is used generally to describe a situation where there is a reversal
of wind direction from one season to another.
Mountain: A natural upward projection of
the Earth’s surface, higher and steeper than a hill, and often having a rocky
summit.
Mouth: where a river ends, at a lake or
the sea.
National Park: An area of scenic countryside
protected by law from uncontrolled development.
Neighbourhood: An urban district, in a strict
sense defined as one in which there is an identifiable subculture to which the
majority of residents conform.
Non-renewable resources: Resources of which there is a
fixed supply, which will eventually be exhausted. Examples of these are metal
ores and fossil fuels.
North and South: A way of dividing the
industrialized nations, found predominantly in the North from those less
developed nations in the South. The gap which exists between the rich ‘North’
and the poor ‘South’ is called the development gap.
Northern Hemisphere: Is the half of the Earth that is
north of the equator.
North Pole: Is the point on the Northern
Hemisphere of the Earth that is farthest north. It is 90° north of the equator.
Ocean current: A movement of the surface water
of an ocean.
Ocean: A large area of sea. Oceans cover
more the two-thirds of the Earth's surface. The world’s oceans are the Pacific,
Atlantic, Indian and Arctic. The Southern Ocean is made up of the areas of the
Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans south of latitude 60ºS.
Overpopulation: where there are too many people
and not enough resources to support a satisfactory quality of life.
Ozone: A form of oxygen found in a layer
in the stratosphere, where it protects the Earth’s surface from ultraviolet
rays.
Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants
make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water, and give off oxygen.
Photosynthesis balances respiration.
Physical Geography: The study of our environment,
comprising such elements as geomorphology, hydrology, pedology, meteorology,
climatology and biogeography.
Place: A unique and special location in
space where the regular activities of human beings occur and which may furnish
the basis of our sense of identity as human beings, as well as of our sense of
community.
Plate Tectonics: The theory that the Earth’s crust
is divided into seven large, rigid plates, and several smaller ones, which are
moving relative to each other over the upper layers of the Earth’s mantle.
Plateau: An upland area with a fairly flat
surface and steep slopes. A plateau is a large, flat area of land that is
higher than the surrounding land. Rivers
often dissect plateau surfaces.
Pollution: Environmental damage caused by
improper management of resources, or by careless human activity.
Population Density: The number of people per unit area.
Population densities are usually expressed per square kilometre.
Population Distribution: The pattern of population
location at a given scale.
Population Growth: An increase in the population of
a given region. This may be the result of natural increase (more births than
deaths) or of in-migration, or both.
Precipitation: Water deposited on the Earth’s
surface in the form of e.g. rain, snow, sleet, hail and dew.
Quality of life: The level of wellbeing of a
community and of the area in which the community lives.
Reef: A ridge of rock, sand or coral
whose top lies close to the sea’s surface.
Region: A territory that exhibits a
certain uniformity. A two dimensional space on the surface of the Earth. It is
a definable space that can be demarcated and mapped. An area of land which has
marked boundaries or unifying internal characteristics. Geographers may
identify regions according to physical, climatic, political, economic or other
factors.
Relative Location: A location of a place in relation
to another place (i.e. south or downhill).
Remote Sensing: The gathering of information by
the use of electronic or other sensing devices in satellites.
Renewable Resources: Resources that can be used
repeatedly, given appropriate management and conservation.
Resource: Any aspect of the human and
physical environments which people find useful in satisfying their needs.
Anything obtained from the
environment to meet human needs and wants. It can also be applied to other
species.
River: A large natural stream of fresh
water flowing along a definite course, usually into the sea.
Rural–Urban Migration: The movement of people from rural
to urban areas.
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| Source: Full HD Pictures |
Satellite Image: An image giving information about
an area of the Earth or another planet, obtained from a satellite.
Scale: The proportional relationship
between a linear measurement on a map and the distance it represents on the
Earth's surface. A quantitative statement of the relative sizes of an object on
a map and in reality.
Sea Level: The average height of the surface
of the oceans and seas.
Sedimentation: The settling out of suspended
particles from a body of water (or in some cases, very fine particles settled
from the air or blown by the wind).
Seismograph: An instrument which measures and
records the seismic waves which travel through the Earth during an earthquake.
Services: Services are things such as
retailers (shops), professionals (doctors, lawyers etc), entertainment,
government functions and leisure. The theory goes that the larger a settlement
is, and therefore the higher it is on the urban hierarchy, the more services
and functions it will have.
Settlement: Any location chosen by people as
a permanent or semi-permanent dwelling place.
Smog: A mixture of smoke and fog
associated with urban and industrial areas that creates an unhealthy
atmosphere.
Solar Power: Heat radiation from the sun
converted into electricity or used directly to provide heating. Solar power is
an example of a renewable source of energy.
South Pole: Is the point on the Southern
Hemisphere of the Earth that is farthest south. It is 90° south of the equator.
Southern Hemisphere: Is the half of the Earth that is
south of the equator.
Spatial Analysis: Any form of analysis using
geographical data.
Spatial Distribution: The pattern of locations of, for
example, population or settlement in a region.
Spatial Location: The location of a phenomenon is
the place or point on the Earth’ surface where this phenomenon is situated or
occurs. It can either be absolute (latitude and longitude) or relative.
Spatial Pattern: Everything that has a location in
geographic space inevitably creates or contributes to a spatial pattern.
Stratosphere: The layer of the atmosphere which
lies immediately above the troposphere and below the mesosphere and ionosphere.
Within the stratosphere, temperature increases with altitude.
Sustainable Development: The ability of a country to
maintain a level of economic development, thus enabling the majority of the
population to have a reasonable standard of living. Development that does not
exploit resources more rapidly than the renewal of those resources.
Topography: The composition of the visible
landscape, comprising both physical features and those made by people.
Tropical Rainforest: The dense forest cover of the
equatorial regions, reaching its greatest extent in the Amazon Basin of South
America, the Congo Basin of Africa, and in parts of South East Asia and
Indonesia. There has been much concern in recent years about the rate at which
the world’s rainforests are being cut down and burnt. The burning of large
tracts of rainforest is thought to be contributing to global warming. These
forests have unique ecosystems containing millions of plant and animal species
and must be protected.
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| Source: Tropical Rainforest Organisation |
Tsunami: A very large, and often
destructive, sea wave produced by a submarine earthquake.
Urban Sprawl: The growth in extent of an urban
area in response to improvements in transport and rising incomes, both of which
allow a greater physical separation of home and work.
Urbanization: the growth of towns and cities
leading to an increasing proportion of a country’s population living there. The
process by which a national population becomes predominantly urban through a
migration of people from the countryside to cities, and a shift from
agricultural to industrial employment.
Valley: A long depression in the Earth’s
surface, usually containing a river, formed by erosion or by movements in the
Earth’s crust.
Volcano: A fissure in the Earth’s crust
through which magma reaches the Earth’s surface.
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| Source: Global Views |
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| Source: 7 Themes |
Wetland: Is an area of land that is often
wet; the soil in wetlands are often low in oxygen. Wetland plants are adapted
to life in wet soil. There are many types of wetlands, including: swamp,
slough, fen, bog, marsh, moor, muskeg, peatland, bottomland, delmarva, mire,
wet meadow, riparian, etc.
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| Source: Wetland Rehab |
·
Anthropocentric
refer to the
view that all and only members of Homo sapiens have moral standing. Humans
should have pride of place in a world in which other beings have some, albeit,
lesser, standing or significance.
·
Biocentric is the view that any living thing
has moral standing. The view may allow that different living things have
different magnitudes of intrinsic value or it may hold that all things have the
same magnitude. It places the greatest importance on living individuals or
living components of the environment and all living things are equally
important.
·
Ecocentric world view ecosystems as a whole
above humans. It places intrinsic value on all living organisms and their
natural environment, regardless of their perceived usefulness or importance to
homo sapiens. They attribute equal importance to living and non-living
components of ecosystems when making decisions regarding their treatment of the
environment.
References
Barcelona
Field Studies Centre. 2013. Geography Fieldwork. ‘Population, Rivers, Climate’.
Available at: http://geographyfieldwork.com/GeographyVocabularyGCSEPopulation.htm;
http://geographyfieldwork.com/GeographyVocabularyGCSERivers.htm;
http://geographyfieldwork.com/GeographyVocabularyGCSEClimate.htm
Enchanted
Learning. Geographical Terms. Available at: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geography/glossary/
Collins
for Education. Dictionary of Geographical Terms. Available at: http://resources.collins.co.uk/Wesbite%20images/KS3Geography/TB2/Dictionary%20of%20geographical%20terms.pdf
Helping
Your Child Learn Geography. 1996. Glossary. Available at: http://www2.ed.gov/pubs/parents/Geography/glossary.html
Important
Geography Terms for High School Students (terms taken from About.com).
Available at: http://www.genconnection.com/geog/geogterms.htm
McKeown-ice, R. 1994. Environmental Education: A Geographical Perspective, Journal of Geography, 93:1, 40-42 [online].
